【读书笔记】服务器 SMP、NUMA、MPP 三大体系结构

https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/WCIV5gCw2YkU2hi1m-bQaw


SMP


  • 主要特征是共享，系统中所有资源 (CPU 、内存、 I/O 等 ) 都是共享的。也正是由于这种特征，导致了SMP 服务器的主要问题，那就是它的扩展能力非常有限。
  • 而最受限制的则是内存。由于每个 CPU 必须通过相同的内存总线访问相同的内存资源，因此随着 CPU 数量的增加，内存访问冲突将迅速增加，最终会造成 CPU 资源的浪费，使 CPU 性能的有效性大大降低。实验证明， SMP 服务器 CPU 利用率最好的情况是 2 至 4 个 CPU 。

NUMA

  • 每个 CPU 可以访问整个系统的内存 
  • 访问本地内存的速度将远远高于访问远地内存 
  • 由于访问远地内存的延时远远超过本地内存，因此当 CPU 数量增加时，系统性能无法线性增加。
  • SWAP问题，即：NUMA0内存已经用完都开始用SWAP空间了，NUMA1还有很大的内存free。

MPP(Massive Parallel Processing)

  • 由多个 SMP 服务器 ( 每个 SMP 服务器称节点 ) 通过节点互联网络连接而成，每个节点只访问自己的本地资源 ( 内存、存储等 ) ，是一种完全无共享 (Share Nothing) 结构，因而扩展能力最好，理论上其扩展无限制
  • MPP 服务器需要一种复杂的机制来调度和平衡各个节点的负载和并行处理过程

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